In the course of a round table with international participation organized by the Department of Comparative Political Science of Lomonosov Moscow State University and the electronic journal “Bulletin of Moscow State Regional University”, a discussion was held on the mobilization mechanisms of states (Russia, China, India, Canada, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, etc.) in countering the COVID-19 pandemic. The main topics of discussion include the following: state mobilization mechanisms in the situation of the first and subsequent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, interaction between citizens and authorities, the perception of the population of anti-epidemic measures of governments, changes occurring under the influence of the pandemic in the social, economic, political spheres of society, in the areas of digitalization and education, forecasting the progress of the fight against the pandemic. The experts at the round table were political scientists of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, National Autonomous University of Mexico (Mexico City, Mexico), Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Almaty, Kazakhstan), universities of the People’s Republic of China.

Aim. To analyze political technologies and legal mechanisms for the adaptation and integration of the youth from Central Asia.
Methodology. The study is based on analysis of sources containing information on state national policy of modern Russia, aimed at the adaptation and integration of the youth migrants from Central Asia. It uses an interdisciplinary research method with the correlation of political technologies and legal mechanisms for the adaptation and integration of youth from Central Asia.
Results. The conclusion is made about the presence of gaps in the modern migration policy of Russia, aimed at the specified social group. At the end of the article, proposals are formulated on the formation of targeted political technologies and legal mechanisms.
Research implications. The research results can be used for further practical application, preparation of recommendations for the executive authorities of all levels involved in the field of migration policy.

Aim. The proposed study implies as a goal to identify ways to modernize approaches to promoting remote electronic voting as a form of electoral activity in social networks.
Methodology. The methodological tool of the study is the YouScan monitoring system, which analyzes messages on remote electronic voting published between August and September 2020.
Results. The results obtained made it possible to draw conclusions not only about the predominance of negative estimates of electronic voting in Russia, but also about the need for a radical revision of approaches to the information policy of its promotion.
Research implications. The article suggests measures aimed at forming a positive opinion of electronic voting among the Internet users.

Aim. The purpose of this article is to identify the political potential of the units of the past in the process of formation and space structuring.
Methodology. The main content of the study is represented by the analysis of approaches to assessment of the categories of the past relative to the present and the future in the context of organization and implementation of symbolic power.
Results. Within the framework of this study, peculiarities of use of units of the past in the formation of complex material and non-material space for strategic and tactical purposes were revealed.
Research implications. The results of the research represent the author’s contribution to the development of the theory of political space and self-organization of communities. They can be used in conducting political campaigns.

Aim. To determine the key causes and role of hydrocarbon resources in the emergence of the political crisis and civil war in Syria, as well as to assess the internal and external factors that led to the emergence and spread of the Syrian conflict in 2011–2016.
Methodology. The theoretical basis of the article is neorealism, neoliberalism and a systematic approach to the analysis of international relations, as well as historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods.
Results. The conclusion is made about the significance of various factors in the development of the Syrian crisis. The beginning of the political crisis in Syria is an illustration of how the economic development dependence on the production and export of oil and gas to the external market can hold back the industrialization of the country. The neo-liberal reforms led by the Syrian government only exacerbated the problems, causing damage to the social development and exacerbating the already existing socio-economic tensions in Syrian society, which were taken advantage of by outside forces. The author argues that these factors made Syria vulnerable, causing the outbreak of a hybrid war and foreign intervention.
Research implications. The obtained results create the background for further detailed study of the causes of the Syrian crisis in particular and modern threats to the national security of the state in general.

Aim. To study the specifics of the geopolitical project of Iran in its opposition to the geopolitical project of Turkey in the process of the struggle of these powers for leadership in the Greater Middle East region.
Methodology. The main methods of research are systematic, comparative, and phenomenological methods of research.
Results. Iran plays a significant role in the geopolitical process not only in the Greater Middle East region, but also in Eurasia and the world as a whole, relying on its own geopolitical project, the components of which are Shiism, Aryanism, energy resources and communications (the “Iranian square“). At the same time, Iran is immanently opposed to Turkey and its geopolitical project, the components of which are Sunni panIslamism, pan-Turkism and neo-Ottomanism (the “Turkish triangle“).
Research implications. The results of the study contribute to the theory of geopolitics and are important for predicting the geopolitical behavior of the modern Turkey and Iran.

Aim. This paper aims at a comprehensive analysis and consideration of biopolitics’ content and semantic components evolution as a type of scientific approach in political science research.
Methodology. For this study were selected and analyzed the works of both Russian and foreign representatives in the field of biopolitics, on the basis of which various approaches were considered in the framework of this research area. Hermeneutic and comparative historical methods were used in this paper.
Results. The specific features characteristic of different approaches within the framework of biopolitics were revealed, and trends in the further development of its scientific field were determined.
Research implications. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the work presents a systematized history of the evolution of both research, united by the name “biopolitics”, and its conceptual design, which makes it possible to clarify the essence and interconnection of various biopolitical studies. At the same time, the identified development trends help to show possible directions of further research in the mainstream of biopolitics and vectors of theoretical developments’ practical application in the context of the implementation of management measures.

Aim. To reveal the elements of the image of the enemy in the image of Ukraine as it exists in the minds of the citizens of the Russian Federation.
Methodology. The article is based on the results of sociological studies of the image of foreign countries in the consciousness of Russian citizens. The data were obtained during the empirical research conducted in 2018–2019 by the Department of Sociology and Psychology of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University. To interpret the obtained data obtained, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used (focused semi-standardized interviews and coding of the data obtained).
Results. The study has shown that the image of Ukraine in the minds of the Russians indeed contains components of the image of the enemy to a large degree. At the same time, the Russians predominantly see the ruling elites and state structures of Ukraine as the enemy rather than the people of Ukraine. There is a heightened sense of danger from Ukraine, of geopolitical nature as well as a threat to Russian national identity. At the same time, the geopolitical threat in minds of the Russians is indirect rather than direct, and comes not so much from Ukraine itself, but from its status as a kind of “conductor” and catalyst of the threat from larger Western players. The threat to national identity is rooted in a sense of cultural and historical closeness to the people of Ukraine and the tendency of Russian citizens to equate the peoples of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Due to these factors, Ukraine’s turn towards an anti-Russian vector and the anti-Russian political discourse that has grown out of it are perceived rather negatively by the Russians.
Research implications. The results of this research are of practical importance, since they contribute to the academic understanding of the image of the “evil other” that exists in the consciousness of the Russians, the importance of which for the national identity of Russian citizens has greatly increased in the recent years. This article supplies the academic understanding of the processes of the formation and transformation of the Russian national identity, which is currently unfolding. The questions related to strengthening its foundations are now of particular importance at the level of discourse of Russian political elites.

Aim. Analysis of the election of the deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 8th convocation and the impact of the work of the parliament on the approval indicators of this political institution.
Methodology. As part of the preparation of the article, the following empirical methods were used: regulatory analysis of changes in legislation on the election of deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the VIII convocation, comparative analysis of the results of elections to the parliament of previous convocations and their impact on the configuration of the legislative body, secondary analysis of data from a sociological survey on confidence in the activities of political institutions.
Results. The necessity of increasing of political subjectivity of the State Duma as a condition for strengthening confidence in parliament is shown.
Research implications. The data on the results of the elections of deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the VIII convocation are summarized, general trends in the work of the parliament are predicted, taking into account the changed political configuration of the parliament.

Aim. The purpose of the article is to study the specifics of the social identity of real leaders chosen by a group in a stressful situation, sociometric and referentometric leaders in their everyday life.
Methodology. To identify sociometric leaders, the Sociometry method was used. To identify the referentometric leaders, the “Referentometry” technique was used. Real acting leaders were identified in the stressful situation of meaningful group activity. To determine the social-role identity, the method “Role relations of social subjects and creative personality” was used. Factor analysis was used for statistical data processing.
Results. According to the results of the study, leaders in everyday situations of the group’s life have a specific social-role identity: the significance of the leaders’ roles and the role of an in-demand employee was revealed in sociometric leaders; the expressiveness of the roles of creator and rescuer in a crisis was revealed in referentometric leaders; the expressiveness of the personal role of the creator was revealed in real leaders, selected by the group in a stressful situation. The phenomenon of retention of leadership in a stressful situation has its own specifics: for sociometric leaders it is associated with identification with the social roles of leaders, for referentometric leaders it is associated with identification with the personal role of the creator and the social role of the leader. The phenomenon of the promotion to the role of a leader in a stressful situation of subjects who are not defined by the group as a sociometric or referentometric leader is associated with the identification of such subjects with leading roles.
Research implications. The revealed features of the sociometric and referentometric leaders who have retained their leadership make it possible to supplement with training programs for leadership in stressful situations.

Aim. To study the features of coping strategies and hardiness of women who have children with disabilities in comparison with women who have healthy children.
Methodology. The analysis of scientific publications and data on issues of coping strategies and hardiness of women who have children with disabilities has been carried out. The following diagnostic methods were used: the “life style analysis” test (adapted by Y. V. Shcherbatykh), R. Lazarus’s coping strategies test (adapted by T. L. Kryukova, E. V. Kuftyak), hardiness test (adapted by D. A. Leontiev, E. I. Rasskazova), and 2 versions of the author’s questionnaire.
Results. The results of the research confirmed the presence of special features of coping strategies and hardiness in women who have children with disabilities. Significant differences were also found in certain indicators responsible for stress resistance, coping strategies and hardiness.
Research implications. The research materials complement scientific data on the problem of difficult life situations. At the end of the article, proposals are formulated for the use of data in the work of psychological services, charitable foundations, and volunteer organizations.

Aim. The purpose of the study is to identify the ideas of people of different ages and cultural affiliation about the age limits of youth.
Methodology. The study was conducted by means of a diagnostic battery, the author’s questionnaire included, as well as questions about the lower and upper limits of youth.
Results. The analysis demonstrates that in the views of the study participants the total duration of youth is a relatively stable value, and its lower and upper limits are “tied” to a certain age. A significant relationship between ideas about the boundaries of youth and ideas about individual psychological characteristics of youth is observed in all selected age and socio-cultural subgroups.
Research implications. The study shows for the first time that in minds of people of different ages and socio-cultural affiliation, ideas about the chronological boundaries of youth are significantly interrelated with ideas about psychological characteristics that either contribute to or hinder the transition from youth to adulthood. The obtained results can be used in psychological counseling within the framework of solving problems of self-determination and self-development.

Aim. To identify the significance of the category of modality for the semantic unity of philosophical text in the development of a system of its adequate interpretation.
Methodology. Based on structural-functional, descriptive, and conceptual methods and the method of segment analysis, this paper analyzes several abstracts from classical academic philosophical text from the point of view of one of the main text-forming categories which is the category of modality.
Results. The article proves that the selected invariant signs of modality should serve as a basis for modeling the type of philosophical text.
Research implications. The results of the research might prove useful for development of the language theory as well as for modeling of various types of texts. They are of interest for linguists, philologists, journalists, and philosophers engaged in the problems of philosophical text generation.

Aim. The aim of the research is to clarify and further develop the notion of a cognitive pattern and ascertain the role of cognitive patterns in modelling reality by language means.
Methodology. In the course of the research the author applied the methods of etymological analysis, logical analysis of notions, analysis of dictionary definitions and the procedure for purposeful sampling of language material.
Results. The analysis revealed historical continuity and structural parallelism of eidetic and abstract verbal thinking. It was shown that designators of abstract notions ultimately go back to names of material objects.
Research implications. The data obtained can contribute to revealing the correlation between peculiarities of sensory perception of reality and the specificity of scientific modelling of the world by language means.

Aim. The aim of this research is to build the communicative-cognitive model of the polemic discourse of the print media, within which not a simple mechanical process of messaging takes place, but rather a phenomenological space is formed with its certain structure, filled with meaning and sense.
Methodology. The analysis is based on the material of problem articles from the British newspaper “The Guardian” with a total volume of 209 printed pages and the Belarusian newspaper “SB. Belarus Today” with a volume of 212 printed pages and responses to them with a total volume of 15,120 printed pages. In the work we used such research methods as discourse analysis, cognitive method, content analysis and modeling, which contribute to the description of the features of the functioning of the language as a social tool involved in the representation of mental processes and their results in the course of building a linguistic model of communication as the basis for knowledge exchange within the framework of the discourse under study.
Results. The study made it possible to present the communicative-cognitive model of the polemic discourse of the print media, which has both linear and interactional aspects of communication, suggesting the presence of stages of stimulation and response in a certain context with an emphasis on the interaction of participants in the polemic discourse of the print media.
Research implications. The results obtained contribute to the theory of discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics, communicative linguistics, typology etc., and can also be used in university courses on the conceptual foundations of linguistics, communication science, the print media discourse and other disciplines that have similar objects of study.