Aim. To develop measures to counter modern military threats to the national security of the Russian Federation.
Methodology. The study included a political and traditional analysis of the 2014 Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of February 29, 2024, and other documents, as well as official statements by the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin, the Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation S. E. Naryshkin, the Director of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation A. V. Bortnikov, the Federal Chancellor of Germany F. Merz, the Secretary General of NATO M. Rutte, and others. Event analysis and statistical analysis were also used.
Results. The current military dangers and their specifics are identified; the measures taken by the Russian military and political leadership to counteract them are analysed; recommendations are given on countering modern military dangers threatening the national security of the Russian Federation.
Research implications. Recommendations are given on the implementation of measures for the further successful and productive defence of Russia’s national interests in the emerging polycentric world, characterised by a high degree of conflict between interstate relations.

Aim. To explore the phenomenon of Russophobia as a dynamic transnational system evolving from historical stereotypes to modern digital discourse practices.
Methodology. It is proved that modern Russophobia is not a static set of biases, but a flexible communicative construct that adapts to the current geopolitical situation through social networks and new media. The author analyses the mechanisms of forming the image of the “Russian Other” as an instrument of symbolic competition and legitimisation of political decisions.
Results. The results of the study help to rethink Russophobia as a complex communicative and historical matrix formed at the junction of collective memory, political myths and technological capabilities of the digital age.
Research implications. Based on an interdisciplinary approach combining history, political science and media studies, the author traces the genesis of anti-Russian sentiments from the religious and cultural alienation of the early Modern period to the ideological confrontation of the Cold War era. Attention is paid to the transformation of Russia’s image in the 21st century under the influence of digitalisation and global information wars.

Aim. To reconstruct the “program” of Nikolai Gogol’s social Christianity based on the idea of “salvation in the state” in accordance with the commandment to “serve one’s land.”
Methodology. This article attempts to examine Gogol’s work “Selected Passages from Correspondence with His Friends” (1847) as the most consistent part of his preaching. A historical and political science approach to the study of journalistic and epistolary texts serves as a methodological basis for this study.
Results. It is shown that Gogol was the founder of the tradition of social Christianity in Russian literature, which was later taken up by both Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Gogol was convinced that no external reforms or changes in the state structure could improve people’s situation, and that there was only one way to save Russia that was the “improvement of souls.” The article reconstructs a program for the “improvement of souls,” which envisions, in the first stage, the moral rebirth of Gogol’s reader, who, ideally, should become a monk while remaining “in the very heart of the state,” i.e., without leaving his place of service. In the second stage, he should study the people within his circle of influence. In the third, he should begin to directly influence them through his example and wise advice. Service and the transformative influence on others thus become the primary spiritual achievement of people for whom “Russia is their monastery.”
Research implications. The facts presented in the article contribute to the development of historical and political science in Russia. The conclusions and results of the analysis can be used in the creation of scholarly articles and monographs on the history of Russian social and political thought, as well as in the educational process.

Aim. To identify the features of the modern state policy of the Russian Federation in the sphere of regulation of interethnic relations. 
Methodology. The study is based on a qualitative analysis, which is carried out through institutional analysis to study the structure of relevant political institutions, and a comparative historical method to identify stages and trends in policy evolution.
Results. The key stages in the evolution of state policy are identified, from the decentralisation of the 1990s to centralisation and subsequent formal institutionalisation, culminating in the creation of the Federal Agency for Nationalities Affairs. It is established that the construct of the “Russian civic nation” has become the dominant concept in official discourse.
Research implications. The theoretical significance of the study lies in its systematisation and deepening understanding of the mechanisms by which political institutions function in a multicultural society. The practical significance lies in identifying specific bottlenecks and contradictions, which can be used to adjust national policy and its implementation mechanisms.

Aim. To evaluate the implementation of state demographic policy in Kamchatka Krai and to identify its regional characteristics using an expert survey.
Methodology. This article analyses expert opinions obtained through an anonymous, formalized questionnaire. Responses were processed using statistical methods such as the Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient.
Results. An analysis of demographic policy preferences revealed a clear structure in expert positions. The most realistic and supported measures are direct financial support for families, such as increasing maternity capital payments and introducing significant benefits for the birth of a first child. Statistical analysis revealed internal consistency among expert assessments. A strong positive correlation was found between a pessimistic assessment of the current situation, a negative perception of its development trends, and a low assessment of the effectiveness of state policy.
Research implications lie in the fact that it provides a solid empirical foundation for further research. Promising areas include an in-depth analysis of the regional specifics of demographic policy, as well as a study of the factors determining the effectiveness of specific family support measures in Russian regions. The identified structure of expert opinion provides clear guidelines for shaping both the scientific and practical agenda in the field of demographic development.

Aim. To identify and analyse the social, organizational, and cultural-communicative functions of traditional housing that extend beyond its utilitarian purpose.
Methodology. The authors explore how the popularisation of traditional home concepts can influence collective identity, the transmission of cultural codes, and the strengthening of national unity using an interdisciplinary approach.
Results. In the research, the concept of the traditional home as an element of social architecture with significant integrative potential is examined. The importance of this study stems from the search for models of sustainable development and social cohesion in the context of globalization and the atomization of society. According to the authors, the traditional home can act as a micromodel of sociocultural order, ensuring both continuity and adaptation to change.
Research implications. The results of this study can be applied in contemporary urban planning and the development of social projects aimed at the development of Russian regions.

Aim. To analyse the peculiarities of the perception of collective trauma that occurred in Russia in the period from 2018 to 2024, as well as to determine its role in the formation of collective identity.
Methodology. As part of the work on the stated topic, focus groups were conducted, the respondents of which were divided according to the generational principle – it was concluded that the events under consideration (the fire in the “Zimnyaya vishnya” shopping center, the coronavirus pandemic, and the beginning of a special military operation), which can be called “potentially traumatic,” left an imprint in the minds of different age groups. 
Results. It was found out that the citizens of the middle age category are characterized by the greatest reflection of the three events under consideration - they had the most complete and detailed answers, in addition, the role of a political leader plays an important role in shaping the perceptions of the respondents. The respondents from the youth focus groups had the most ambivalent answers; despite the fact that, judging by the answers, they remember these events quite clearly, there is no single assessment; the answers of the group of pensioners may indicate vague ideas about the events of 2018-2024. At the same time, it can be noted that in their comments, the respondents relied on historical parallels, which may mean that socially important events for them remain in the past.
Research implications. The assumption is formulated that trauma is one of the significant phenomena influencing the formation of ideas about the country, about power, about leaders, as well as one of the elements of the construction of national and state identity. This means that the process of memory traumatization deserves special attention in the framework of political research.

Aim. To identify actual trends and key models for organising election observation and monitoring systems in various countries around the world based on a comparative analysis of relevant country cases, electoral legislation and practices.
Methodology. The study is based on comparative analysis and case studies. The comparative analysis draws on materials from recent election campaigns held in 2023–2025 in a group of countries (Austria, Germany, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Croatia, France, and South Africa). The empirical base consists of regulatory acts, official documents of electoral bodies, analytical reports, and media materials.
Results. The study identified three models for organising election observation worldwide: the institutional absence model, the functional substitution model, and the institutional presence model. It was found that highly effective integrated forms of observation, combining national and international mechanisms, as well as digital electoral monitoring technologies, are actively developing.
Research implications. The results obtained deepen our understanding of current global trends in electoral monitoring, define election observation as an element of political governance, and help systematise national practices. The study’s findings can be used in further comparative studies, as well as in developing recommendations for national electoral bodies and involved civil society institutions.

Aim. To conceptualise the phenomenon of revolutionary imitations (pseudo-revolutions) in the modern world.
Methodology. The key research method was the analysis of texts. The analysis of the authors’ works related to the description of revolutionary processes and the evolution of its content in relation to modern processes of imitation of social changes in the context of postmodernism as the cultural logic of late capitalism was carried out.
Results. The qualitative difference between the phenomenon of pseudo-revolutions and classical revolutions, its main characteristics and prerequisites for its emergence, associated with the peculiarities of the socio-economic structure of postmodern society, are revealed.
Research implications consist in classifying the attitude of modern researchers towards pseudo-revolution and outlining the main possibilities for further conceptualisation of this phenomenon within the framework of social sciences.

Aim. To define the concept of extremism and provide a comparative analysis of countering extremism in the UK, Germany, and France. 
Methodology. The article analyses the theoretical aspects and main approaches of domestic and foreign researchers to the content of the extremism concept. The method of structural-functional approach, comparative method, comparative legal method, and the method of the system approach are applied.
Results. The analysis showed that there is no single legal definition of extremism in the countries under consideration, and approaches to countering it vary. In the UK, extremism is defined through opposition to basic values, in Germany the emphasis is on preventive and preventive measures, in France – on strict control of Internet content with fragmented legislation. It has been established that the general trend is towards international standards and a combination of preventive and repressive measures.
Research implications. The article summarizes the foreign experience of countering extremism. Proposals have been formulated to improve international cooperation, including the development of adaptation programs for young people, improving the effectiveness of control in the information space and creating positive content.

Aim. To determine the potential for public and expert participation in cultural heritage preservation activities, understood as the integration of state and volunteer efforts.
Methodology. The study included a political analysis of legal regulation, an examination of state programs, volunteer practices (including the “Volunteers of Culture” movement, the “Tom Sawyer Fest” festival, and the activities of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Cultural Heritage), and mechanisms for public monitoring of the condition of heritage sites.
Results. It was established that public participation in the preservation of historical and cultural heritage involves engaging experts in government decision-making in this area. The effectiveness of heritage preservation activities depends on the development of institutions of participation between the state and volunteer organisations. It is concluded that the preservation of historical and cultural heritage is a long-term investment in national identity and the moral health of future generations.
Research implications. Recommendations are proposed for the development of an integrative mechanism uniting state initiatives and volunteer movements in the field of cultural heritage protection.

Aim. To develop perceptions of managerial success and its determinants through the lens of male and female public administration leaders. 
Methodology. Content analysis was the key research method. An analysis of open-ended responses from 100 respondents on their perceptions of managerial success and its determinants was conducted. A comparative analysis of the perceptions of male and female public administration leaders was also conducted within the context of the study.
Results. The study revealed that the perceptions of female and male public administration leaders about managerial success are similar in structure. However, differences were also identified in their understanding of the means by which managerial success can be achieved. Furthermore, a ranking system of opportunities and constraints associated with achieving managerial success was presented, as perceived by public administration leaders.
Research implications. The theoretical and practical significance lies in the revelation of concepts of managerial success in the public administration system, which can serve as a guide and mechanism for determining both the personal, professional, and career development of individuals within management systems, as well as the system as a whole.

Aim. To examine the interrelation of locus of control that serves as a predictor of willingness to make concessions in negotiations, depending on the negotiator’s subjective assessment of the opponent’s informal authority.
Methodology. The study sample consisted of 32 adults (16 men and 16 women) aged (M=37.91, SD=11.86), who have at least two years of experience in entrepreneurial activity and business negotiations. locus of control was assessed by H. Levenson’s Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale. Negotiation behaviour was modelled using a multi-round version of the “Ultimatum Game.” Participants interacted with opponents whom they subjectively evaluated as possessing either high or low informal authority. The assessment of informal authority was conducted using a modified version of Yu. P. Stepkin’s method. Negotiation outcomes were measured by two indicators such as the minimum acceptable offer and the refusal to accept any offers. Data was analysed using mathematical statistical methods (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, point-biserial correlation, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis test).
Results. The findings revealed that an external locus of control serves as a significant predictor of greater willingness to make concessions when negotiating with an opponent perceived as having high informal authority. No significant correlation was found between internal locus of control and concession behaviour depending on the opponent’s level of informal authority. However, a general trend was observed among participants with relatively high internal locus of control to concede to those they considered to have informal authority and to withhold concessions from those they perceived as lacking authority. The scientific novelty of the study lies in considering the multidimensional locus of control as a predictor of negotiation behaviour in relation to the subjective assessment of the opponent’s informal authority.
Research implications. The results broaden understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying concession behaviour in negotiations. The study highlights the role of locus of control as a predictor of willingness to make concessions depending on the perceived informal authority of the opponent. The findings can be applied in the analysis and forecasting of negotiation behaviour, as well as in the development of training programs for negotiation professionals.

Aim. To analyse the peculiarities of the different strategies of translation in interlingual Holy Writ transference and their application in modern Bible translations (the end of 20th – the beginning of 21st centuries) from the point of view of their correspondence with the original.
Methodology. The procedure of substantial and formal analysis of translations is used; the reasons of their conscious departure from the traditional understanding of the Holy Writ translation as the task demanding its equivalency to the source text are investigated.
Results. The most illustrative examples of the rejection the principle of preservation the translation invariant are described, the historical, cultural, linguocultural, and proper linguistic aspects of these distortions and their connection with the ideas of politcorrectness and feminization of the sacred text, that were fully alien to it, are investigated.
Research implications. The factual data of the present article as well as its postulates and conclusions stimulate the clarification of the Bible translation principles and the critical estimation of their distortion, as well as the establishing the criteria that delimit translation from the related phenomena.

Aim. To study borrowings from the languages of India in English in the field of sociopolitical, religious, and philosophical vocabulary during the period of British rule in India through corpus-based analysis.
Methodology. The work uses a historical approach and corpus analysis. The corpus of Google Books of the 19th–21st centuries was used to calculate the relative frequency of tokens by year using Google Ngram Viewer. Distributed word representations based on the same data were used for semantic analysis, which made it possible to compare the early and late vector environments of the target lexemes. The material is divided into political-administrative and religious-philosophical vocabulary.
Results. As a result of the study, the dynamics of the use of borrowings reflecting the socio-political realities of the colonial period, as well as religious and philosophical concepts are revealed; their consolidation in English, their spread through it to other languages, and the dependence of their usage patterns on the historical and cultural context are shown. 
Research implications. The study clarifies the mechanisms of borrowing in the context of asymmetric language contacts. The materials of the work can be used in courses on lexicology, sociolinguistics, the history of the English language, and the theory of language contacts, as well as in the practice of excursion discourse to familiarize representatives of other cultures with Indian realities.

Aim. To define the metaphorical models used to create an “authenticity effect” in poetic fragments of a work of the historical fantasy genre and to establish the role of metaphorical models in the recipient’s perception of the read text through the mechanism of conceptual integration.
Methodology. This research primarily offers a linguopoetic analysis of metaphors in historical fantasy poetry. During the study, the continuous sampling method, the metaphorical modelling method, and the contextual analysis method were used.
Results. During our analysis, it was found that the metaphorical features of the poetic elements observed in the work “The Lions of Al-Rassan” represent a clearly structured poetic system that contributes to the ontological stability of the fictional world of the novel and a deep dialogue with the reader.
Research implications. For the first time, an attempt to identify metaphorical models that represent key elements of the narrative mechanism for constructing the “authenticity effect” in texts of the historical fantasy genre was made. The research has an interdisciplinary character, its results can be used in such fields as cultural linguistics, linguistics and literary studies, as well as in the teaching of such academic disciplines as “Linguistic Analysis and Interpretation of Literary Text”, “Foreign Literature”.

Aim. To explore the issue of interrelation between the category of modality and the information structure of a sentence.
Methodology. The examples selected from the National Corpus of the Russian Language and the German corpus DWDS served as the research materials. During the research, descriptive, transformational, and comparative methods were applied. In total, more than 200 examples were selected and analysed.
Results. Various approaches to interpretation of the information structure of the sentence are considered. The variant of a three-component information structure, including a theme, rheme and pheme, proposed by the French Germanist J.-M. Zemb, is analysed. It is shown that linguistic means of representing the pheme include modal / parenthetical words / particles with the semantics of emotivity, epistemic modality or inferential evidentiality. It is determined that in utterances containing a pheme the realisation of various types of deixis takes place. 
Research implications. The theoretical significance of the research is determined by the fact that it makes a certain contribution to the development of the issue of the influence of grammatical categories on the information structure of the sentence. The practical significance lies in the fact that the obtained results can be used during comparative typology of the German and Russian languages.