RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE POST-SOVIET DIRECTION: RESPONSES TO THE EASTERN POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
https://doi.org/10.18384/2224-0209-2023-3-1330
Abstract
Aim. To analyze Russian Foreign Policy Concepts of 1993, 2000, 2008, 2013, 2016, and 2023 and to find out what changes were made to the chapters dealing with Russia’s foreign policy towards the post-Soviet states after the EU had started its active policy in the region.
Methodology. The study relies on the source analysis, historical-chronological and comparative analysis. Comparison was made of Russia’s Foreign Policy Concepts from different years in terms of their formulations regarding the development of the EU’s Eastern policy; the study of EU documents was carried out.
Results. The adjustment of the Russian foreign policy tasks towards the post-Soviet states was caused by the EU's Eastern policy. But, despite the obvious increase in tension between the key participants in international relations, in Russian Foreign Policy Concepts of 2008, 2013 and 2016 proposed to generally consider the Euro-Atlantic space as a zone of cooperation with the West. Only in 2023 the policy of the West was defined as unfriendly in Russian strategic documents.
Research implications. The results of the study can be used in the analysis of international relations among the post-Soviet states and in Europe in general.
About the Author
Olga V. ShishkinaRussian Federation
Cand. Sci. (Political Sciences), Assoc. Prof., Department of International Relations and Foreign Policy of Russia
References
1. Bogaturov A. D. [Pluralistic unipolarity and Russian interests]. In: Svobodnaya Mysl [Free thought], 1996, no. 2, pp. 25–36.
2. Gerasimov V. [The value of science is foresight]. In: Voenno-promyshlennyj kur'er [Military industrial courier], 2013, no. 8. Available at: https://vpk.name/news/85159_cennost_nauki_v_predvidenii.html (accessed: 10.07.2023).
3. Gomar T. Evrosoyuz i Rossiya: v poiskakh ravnovesiya mezhdu geopolitikoi i regionalizmom [The European Union and Russia: in search of a balance between geopolitics and regionalism]. Available at: https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/gomartwsrusse_1.pdf (accessed: 10.07.2023).
4. Primakov E. M. Mir bez Rossii? K chemu vedet politicheskaya blizorukost' [A world without Russia? What does political myopia lead to?]. Moscow, Rossijskaya gazeta Publ., 2009. 239 p.
5. Shishkina O. V. [Competition between Russia and the EU as key foreign policy partners of Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine]. In: Kvashnin Yu. D., Toganova N. V., Utkin S. V., eds. Konkurentsiya i konfliktnost' v mirovoi ekonomike i politike: sbornik trudov konferentsii, Moskva, 05–06 dekabrya 2012 g. [Competition and conflict in the global economy and politics: collection of conference proceedings, Moscow, December 05–06, 2012]. Moscow, IMEMO RAN Publ., 2013, pp. 127–133.
6. Beckley M. The Power of Nations. In: International Security, 2018, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 7–44.
7. Bildt C. Russia, the European Union and Eastern Partnership. Available at: https://ecfr.eu/archive/page/-/Riga_papers_Carl_Bildt.pdf (accessed: 10.07.2023).
8. Emerson M. EU-Russia Four Common Spaces and the Proliferation of the Fuzzy. In: CEPS Policy Brief, 2005, no. 71. Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/25727/71_Four%20Common%20Spaces.pdf (accessed: 10.07.2023).
9. Ikenberry G. J. The Future of International Leadership. In: Political Science Quarterly, 1996, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 385–402.
10. Krauthammer Ch. The Unipolar Moment. In: Foreign Affairs, 1990, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 23–33.
11. Layne Ch. The U. S. – Chinese Power Shift and the End of Pax Americana. In: International Affairs, 2018, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 89–111.
12. Mearsheimer J. Bound to fail. In: International Security, 2019, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 7–50.
13. Tocci N. The European Union as a Normative Foreign Policy Actor. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282567808_The_European_Union_as_a_Normative_Foreign_Policy_Actor (accessed: 10.07.2023).
14. Vimont P. The Path to an Upgraded EU Foreign Policy. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Vimont_EU_Foreign_Policy_Posting.pdf (accessed: 10.07.2023).